Therapeutic Potential of Clerodendrum Paniculatum Against Hyperlipidaemia and Oxidative Damage: Mechanistic Insights from Experimental Models
Abstract
Objective: Hyperlipidaemia, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood lipid levels due to impaired lipid metabolism, significantly contributes to diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Clerodendrum paniculatum leaf ethanolic extract in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidaemic Wistar rats.
Material and Methods: Over an 8-week period, hyperlipidaemic rats were orally administered the extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The research assessed the extract’s potential to modulate lipid profiles and enhance antioxidant defences, providing insights into its therapeutic role in metabolic disorders associated with dyslipidaemia. The study looked at the blood lipid profile, weight gain or loss, relative organ weight, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition, liver histology, and antioxidant enzymes in blood and liver tissues.
Results: The blood lipid profile in rats given HFD was dose-dependently improved by administering the extract. Histopathological analysis revealed that C. paniculatum extract (400 mg/kg) effectively restored the hepatic architecture in hyperlipidaemic rats. Treatment significantly reduced body weight, relative liver weight (p-value<0.05), serum total cholesterol (p-value<0.05), and triglycerides (p-value<0.05), while elevating HDL-cholesterol (p-value<0.05). The extract demonstrated dose-dependent HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (12.8 and 9.8 U/mg protein at 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively), indicating potent suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis. These findings suggest the extract’s dual mechanism of action, improving lipid metabolism while protecting against hepatic damage in hyperlipidaemia.
Conclusion: The study suggests that C. paniculatum leaf extract may boost antioxidant defences, helping combat oxidative stress-related disorders. Findings indicate its potential to reduce hyperlipidaemia in HFD-fed rats by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and improving liver histopathology.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Yaseen HS, Zubair HM, Jamal A, Farrukh M, Mikrani R, Shaukat B, et al. Naringin: Cardioprotective properties and safety profile in the treatment of diabetes. Fitoterapia 2024;11:106011.
Shukr MH, Ismail S, Ahmed SM. Development and optimization of ezetimibe nanoparticles with improved antihyperlipidemic activity. J Drug Del Sci Tech 2019;49:383-95.
Cosenza GP, Viana CT, Campos PP, Kohlhoff M, Fagg CW, Brandão MG. Chemical characterization, antihyperlipidaemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Brazilian bitter quina species in mice consuming a high-refined carbohydrate diet. J Funct Foods 2019;54:220-30.
Surya S, Kumar RA, Carla B, Sunil C. Antihyperlipidemic effect of Ficus dalhousiae miq. stem bark on Triton WR-1339 and high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Bulletin of faculty of pharmacy, Cairo university 2017;55:73-7.
Chen H, Li YJ, Sun YJ, Gong JH, Du K, Zhang YL, et al. Lignanamides with potent antihyperlipidemic activities from the root bark of Lycium chinense. Fitoterapia 2017;122:119-25.
Valdés S, García-Torres F, Maldonado-Araque C, Goday A, Calle-Pascual A, Soriguer F, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in Andalusia (southern Spain). Comparison with national prevalence data. The Di@ bet. es study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2014;67:442-8.
Suhail P, Joseph S, Ajeesh V, Sreelakshmi S, Anil K. Antiestrogenic and toxicological evaluation of methanolic extract of Saraca asoca and Cynometra travancorica. J Res Pharm 2022;26:1261-71.
Alzira A, Carvalho S, Poti Lima ÜW, Valiente RA. Statin and fibrate associated myopathy: Study of eight patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2004;62:257-61.
Girija K, Lakshman K. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of methanol extracts of three plants of Amaranthus in triton-WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:S62-5.
Hafiz I, Rosidah SJ. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of pagoda leaves (clerodendrum paniculatum l.) ethanolic extract in white male rats (Rattus novergicus). Int J Pharmtech Res 2016;9:165-70.
John J, Mathew AJ, Setty MM. free radical scavenging and anticancer activity of Clerodendron paniculatum. Pharmacologyonline 2008;3:730-43.
Suhail P, Christapher PV, Joseph S, Prasanth NV, Nishida M, Anju T, Rani S. Comparative evaluation of anti-obesity effect through pancreatic lipase inhibition of methanolic extract of the bark of Saraca asoca and Cynometra travancorica. J Res Pharm 2023;27:2463-70.
Thelappilly BB, Murali R, Suriyaprakash TN, Venkatachalam VV, Anbiah SV, N S, et al. Interrogating the antiobesity efficacy of flacourtia inermis Roxb. fruits in high fat diet-induced obese rats. JJ Pharmacol Pharmacother 2025;16:46-57.
Araujo FB, Barbosa DS, Hsin CY, Maranhão RC, Abdalla DS. Evaluation of oxidative stress in patients with hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 1995;117:61-71.
Yang RL, Shi YH, Hao G, Li W, Le GW. Increasing oxidative stress with progressive hyperlipidemia in human: relation between malondialdehyde and atherogenic index. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008;43:154-8.
Kekuda TP, Sudharshan SJ. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Clerodendrum paniculatum L.(Lamiaceae): A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Ther 2018;8:28-34.
Melapu VK, Joginipelli S, Naidu BV, Darsey J. A comparative phylogenetic evaluation of chloroplast ITS sequences to analyze the bioactivity in medicinal plants: a case study of Clerodendrum plant genus (Lamiaceae). Austin J Comput Biol Bioinform 2015;2:1011.
Leeratiwong C, Chantaranothai P, Paton AJ. A synopsis of the genus Clerodendrum L.(Lamiaceae) in Thailand. Trop Nat Hist 2011;11:177-211.
Bhat KG. Flora of south kanara: dakshina kannada and udupi districts of karnataka. Taxonomy Research Centre; 2014.
Suhail P, Venkatachalam VV, Joseph S, Murali R, Renganathan AB. In vitro Anticancer potential and Molecular modelling study of Flavanol Glucoside from Graviola (Annona muricata) fruit: a potential inhibitor of Antiapoptotic Proteins. Lett Appl NanoBioSci 2024;13:167.
Suhail PT. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Saraca asoca and its commonly used substitute plants. Int J Res Rev 2019;6:37-43.
Malakul W, Thirawarapan S, Suvitayavat W, Woodman OL. Type 1 diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia reveal the contribution of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor to endothelium-dependent relaxation of the rat aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008;35:192-200.
Rao AV, Ramakrishnan S. Indirect assessment of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity in liver tissue. Clin Chem 1975;21:1523-5.
McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969;244:6049-55.
Aebi H. Catalase. In Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York: Academic press; 1974;p.673-84.
Terpstra M, Henry PG, Gruetter R. Measurement of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human brain using LCModel analysis of difference-edited spectra. Magnetic resonance in Medicine. Magn Reson Med 2003;50:19-23.
Miao H, Chen H, Pei S, Bai X, Vaziri ND, Zhao YY. Plasma lipidomics reveal profound perturbation of glycerophospholipids, fatty acids, and sphingolipids in diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Chem Biol Interact 2015;228:79-87.
Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010;15:7313-52.
Chen Q, Reis SE, Kammerer C, Craig W, McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Sharaf BL, Sopko G, Pauly DF, Merz CN. Association of anti-oxidized LDL and candidate genes with severity of coronary stenosis in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation study. J Lipid Res 2011;52:801-7.
Irudayaraj SS, Sunil C, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. leaves in Triton WR-1339 and high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;60:135-40.
Ntchapda F, Djedouboum A, Talla E, Dongmo SS, Nana P, Adjia H, Nguimbou RM, Bonabe C, Gaimatakon S, Yanou NN, Dimo T. Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effect of aqueous extract leaves of Ficus glumosa (Moraceae) in rats. Exp Gerontol 2015;62:53-62.
Bindoli A, Fukuto JM, Forman HJ. Thiol chemistry in peroxidase catalysis and redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008;10:1549-64.
Ighodaro OM, Akinloye OA. First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alex J Med 2018;54:287-93.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.