Klokman VW, Barten DG, Peters NALR, Versteegen MGJ, Wijnands JJJ, van Osch FHM, et al. A scoping review of internal hospital crises and disasters in the Netherlands, 2000-2020. PLoS One 2021;16:e0250551.

Goniewicz M, Khorram-Manesh A, Timler D, Al-Wathinani AM, Goniewicz K. Hospital disaster preparedness: a comprehensive evaluation using the hospital safety index. Sustainability 2023;15:13197.

Suwanno P, Yaibok C, Tsumita N, Fukuda A, Theerathitichaipa K, Seefong M, et al. Estimation of the evacuation time according to different flood depths. Sustainability 2023;15:6305.

Srichaichana J, Trisurat Y, Ongsomwang S. Land use and land cover scenarios for optimum water yield and sediment retention ecosystem services in Klong U-Tapao watershed, Songkhla, Thailand. Sustainability 2019;11:2895.

Al B, Gemici YE. Aeromedical patient transfer in a high-volume health system: centralised coordination and governance in Turkiye. Eurasian J Emerg Med 2026;25:281-7.

Guerdan BR. United States Air Force aeromedical evacuation—a critical disaster response resource. Am J Clin Med 2011;8:153-6.

Jin S, Fu S. Mechanisms accounting for the repeated occurrence of torrential rainfall over South Thailand. Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 2020;13:155-62.

Thai Meteorological Department. Monthly weather summary for Thailand: November 2025. Bangkok: Climatological Center, Meteorological Development Bureau, Thai Meteorological Department; 2025.

Kaiwong S, Dysarz T,Wicher-Dysarz J. Application of incomplete topography information and public data for preliminary flood risk assessment in Thailand: case study of Khlong Wat. Water 2026;18:743.

Marome W, Mainn P. Creating an urban green space database in Hat Yai Municipality, Thailand. Sustainability 2025;17:10679.

Bangkok Post. Flood resilience a national imperative. Bangkok Post [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Bangkok Post Public Company Limited; 2025. [cited 2026 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/3158815/flood-resilience-a-national-imperative

Channel News Asia. Flood-stricken Hat Yai declared disaster zone; Thai authorities step in to help stranded tourists. CNA [homepage on the Internet]. Singapore: Mediacorp 2025; 2025 Nov 24 [cited 2026 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/hat-yai-thailand-floods-authorities-supporting-tourist-stranded-5486561

Kasikorn Research Center. Flooding in Songkhla and several other southern provinces expected to cause at least THB 25 billion in economic losses [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Kasikorn Research Center; 2025 Nov 25 [cited 2026 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.kasikornresearch.com/en/analysis/k-econ/economy/Pages/TH-Flood-South-CIS3624-KR-25-11-25.aspx

Kosako J. Voices from Hat Yai in the wake of the flood crisis. Business Voices 2025;2.

Dorfer N, Bailie J, Ahern C, McNaught R, Scott K, Matthews V, et al. How floods impact health systems: a scoping review of Australian research. BMJ Open 2025;15:e108856. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-108856.

Thai PBS World. Flooded hospitals in need of urgent help [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 13]. Available from: https://world.thaipbs.or.th/detail/flooded-hospitals-in-need-of-urgent-help/59650

Nation Thailand. Hat Yai Hospital struggles after five days of devastating flooding [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Nation Group; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.nationthailand.com/blogs/news/general/40058932

National Broadcasting Services of Thailand. Public Health Minister inspects flood recovery efforts at Hat Yai Hospital [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: NBT WORLD; 2026 May 13. Available from: https://thainews.prd.go.th/nbtworld/news/view/2018989/?bid=1

Phattharapornjaroen P, Carlström E, Holmqvist LD, Sittichanbuncha Y, Khorram-Manesh A. Assessing Thai hospitals’ evacuation preparedness using the flexible surge capacity concept and its collaborative tool. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 2023;14:52-63.

McGinty MD, Burke TA, Resnick B, Barnett DJ, Smith KC, Rutkow L. Decision Processes and Determinants of Hospital Evacuation and Shelter-in-Place During Hurricane Sandy. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017;23:29-36.

King MA, Niven AS, Beninati W, et al. Evacuation of the ICU. Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest 2014;146:e44S-60S.

Zhao T, Tsubokura M. Risks associated with evacuation and disaster-related death after a radiation disaster: summary of research results from Hamadori region, Fukushima. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2024;200:1524-7.

Igarashi Y, Tagami T, Hagiwara J, Kanaya T, Kido N, Omura M, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients evacuated from hospitals near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant after the great East Japan earthquake. PLoS One 2018;13:e0195684.

Guo Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Liang P, He X, Yu B, et al. Methodology for designing intrahospital transportation of patients with suspected infectious disease that limits infection spread risk in China. Front Public Health 2022;10:926872.

Vugrin ED, Verzi SJ, Finley PD, Turnquist MA, Griffin AR, Ricci KA, et al. Modeling evacuation of a hospital without electric power. Prehosp Disaster Med 2015;30:279-87. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X15000230.

Bayram V, Yaman H. A joint demand and supply management approach to large scale urban evacuation planning: evacuate or shelter-in-place, staging and dynamic resource allocation. Eur J Oper Res 2024;313:171-91.

Khorram-Manesh A, Phattharapornjaroen P, Mortelmans LJ, Goniewicz K, Verheul M, Sörensen JL, et al. Current perspectives and concerns facing hospital evacuation: the results of a pilot study and literature review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022;16:650-8.

Bou-Karroum L, Fadlallah R, Jabbour M, Daher N, El-Jardali F. K2P Rapid Response: rapid guide to support health and social care systems in response to Beirut explosion. Beirut (Lebanon): Knowledge to Policy (K2P) Center, American University of Beirut; 2020.

Tekin E, Bayramoglu A, Uzkeser M, Cakir Z. Evacuation of hospitals during disaster, establishment of a field hospital, and communication. Eurasian J Med 2017;49:137-41.

Orr G. How to evacuate when disaster strikes: a literature review of hospital evacuations [Capstone Experience]. Omaha (NE): University of Nebraska Medical Center; 2024.

NHS England. Evacuation and shelter guidance for the NHS in England [homepage on the Internet]. London: NHS England; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 3]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/evacuation-and-shelter-guidance-for-the-nhs-in-england/#appendix-1-healthcare-evacuation-triage-priorities

Channel 7HD. Helicopters and HTMS Chakri Naruebet rush to deliver supplies for Hat Yai flood [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Bangkok Broadcasting & T.V. Co.,Ltd.; 2025. [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://news.ch7.com/detail/841295

Royal Thai Army Radio and Television (TV5). Royal Thai Navy deploys HTMS Chakri Naruebet as an offshore base to assist southern floods[homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: TV5HD; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://thaitv5hd.com/web/content.php?id=58526

Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. Deputy PM holds urgent meeting! Orders establishment of War Room, mobilizing officials, helicopters, and boats to urgently assist citizens [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: http://news.dnp.go.th/news/35467

Naewna. ‘Suchart’ issues urgent order deploying DNP helicopters to transport generators to restore power at Hat Yai Hospital [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Naewna Newspaper Co., Ltd.; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.naewna.com/local/930507

INN News. PM reveals southern floods remain a critical concern; DDPM deploys helicopters for food airlifts. [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: INN NEWS; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.innews.news/news.php?n=87481

Banmuang. Poh Teck Tung heads south, rushing to aid flood victims, delivering a caravan of over 3,900 survival kits [homepage on the Internet] Bangkok: Banmuang; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.banmuang.co.th/news/region/457455

Nation TV. Ruamkatanyu Foundation delivers flood relief supplies. [homepage on the Internet] Bangkok: Nation group; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9uruko

Thai PBS News. Multiple agencies open donations to assist southern flood victims [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/358836

National Institute for Emergency Medicine. Standard operating procedures for Thai aeromedical transport. Nonthaburi: NIEM, Ministry of Public Health Thailand; 2020.

The Government Public Relations Department. Royal Thai Government News [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: The Government Public Relations Department; 2024 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://thailand.prd.go.th/en/content/category/detail/id/2078/id/256769

Srikote K. Management process of the national institute for emergency medicine to drive an emergency patient referral system by aircraft in Thailand. J Emerg Med Serv Thail 2023;3:182-96.

Pangma A, Taneepanichskul S. The outcome of emergency patient transported by public air ambulance service in Thailand. J Health Res 2017;31:S129-35.

Post Reporters. Rising water forces hospital airlift. Bangkok Post [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Bangkok Post Public Company Limited; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/3144395/rising-water-forces-hospital-airlift

Public Relations Department. The Emergency Flood Crisis Operations Center. PRD Thailand [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Public Relations Department; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://thailand.prd.go.th/en/content/category/detail/id/48/iid/448600

Policy Watch Team. “Warning signs from the Hat Yai mega-floods demand a massive overhaul of the disaster management system.” Thai PBS Policy Watch [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service; 2025. [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://policywatch.thaipbs.or.th/article/life-223

Thai Publica. White paper: “Hatyai flood systemic failure analysis and the path to a sponge city model”. Thai Publica [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Thai Publica; 2026 May 23 [cited 2026 Jun 14]. Available from: https://thaipublica.org/2026/05/hatyai-flood-systemic-failure-analysis/

Pasutan P. What does Hat Yai’s “heaviest rainfall in 300 years” actually mean?. TDRI Q Rev 2025;40:12-3.