Valorization of Buccaneer Avocado Agricultural Waste: Phytochemical Composition, Cosmeceutical Activities, and Cytotoxicity
Abstract
Objective: By-products from fruit processing, particularly residues of Persea americana Mill. (Buccaneer avocado), represent a valuable yet underutilized source of bioactive compounds for sustainable cosmeceutical development. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profiles and evaluate the cosmeceutical potential of Buccaneer avocado leaves, peels, and seeds.
Material and Methods: Buccaneer avocado by-products, including leaves, peels, and seeds, collected from Phetchabun Province, Thailand, were processed by washing, slicing, oven-drying, and grinding, and then extracted using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with 60% ethanol. The extracts were characterized for extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and phytochemical composition using LC-MS/MS QTOF analysis. In vitro assays were conducted to evaluate antioxidant, anti-glycation, tyrosinase inhibitory, astringent, and anti-inflammatory activities. Cytotoxicity was assessed using L929 murine fibroblast cells, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Results: The seed extract yielded the highest extraction efficiency (12.4%). The leaf extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (67.31±6.64 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (704.40±8.76 mg QE/g extract). LC–MS/MS QTOF analysis indicated that the leaf extract contained the highest levels of key phytochemicals, including chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, and proanthocyanidin derivatives. In vitro assays showed that the leaf extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant (IC50 =0.0131±0.0002 mg/mL) and anti-glycation activity (IC50 =0.2044±0.0013 mg/mL). The peel extract exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 =0.1708±0.0126 mg/mL) and astringent activities (54.63±0.32%). Both extracts were non-cytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cells at concentrations up to 0.50 mg/mL and significantly inhibited NO production by 74.8±3.8% and 55.2±3.7%, respectively.
Conclusion: Buccaneer avocado residues from Phetchabun, Thailand, particularly the high-potential leaves and peels, are rich in bioactive compounds and exhibit significant cosmeceutical activities without cytotoxic effects, supporting their potential as sustainable cosmeceutical ingredients.
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