Physicochemical Property Determination of Antidiarrheal Remedy of Ya-Gae-Bid-Na-Ron
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of Ya-Gae-Bid-Na-Ron (YGBNR); according to the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP) guidelines.
Material and Methods: Kratom, ginger, Java long pepper, and chilli were collected from different sources, authenticated, and prepared for crude drugs. From this, twelve YGNBR recipes were formulated, and the physicochemical properties of the raw materials and recipes were determined. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints were investigated, and the microbial limits and heavy metal contamination were determined.
Results: YGBNR was prepared by mixing dry powders of kratom: ginger: Java long pepper; chilli in the ratio of 72:5:13:10. The phytochemical properties; including loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol (80% v/v)-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, volatile oil, and mitragynine content were: 7.68±0.04%w/w, 5.72±0.06%w/w, 0.26±0.02%w/w, 28.99±0.17%w/w, 21.98±0.21%w/w, 0.40±0.00%v/w, and 0.58±0.28 %w/w, respectively. The microbial limits and heavy metal contaminations were under the THP requirements.
Conclusion: The physicochemical properties of YGNBR, an antidiarrheal recipe, was determined according to THP. The specification is essential information for the establishment for the herbal monograph of YGBNR.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Office for the Management of Cannabis and Kratom in Thai Traditional Medicine [homepage on the Internet]. Bangkok: Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine; [cited 2023 May 31]. Available from https://ockt.dtam.moph.go.th/
Saingam D, Assanangkornchai S, Geater AF, Balthip Q. Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in southern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy 2013;24:351-8.
Nakaphan T, Teerachaisakul M, Puttum S, Sompimai K, Nootim P. Traditional use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) among folk healers in Southern Thailand. J Thai Trad Alt Med 2016;14: 274-84.
Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia [Homepage on the Internet]. Nonthaburi: Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, department of medical sciences, ministry of public health; [cited 2022 October 12]. http://bdn.go.th/thp/
Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Ministry of Public Health Thai Herbal Preparation Pharmacopoeia 2nd ed. Bangkok: Siam Charoen Panich (Bangkok); 2020;p.1-241.
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP 32). General notices and requirements. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2008.
Limsuwanchote S, Wungsintaweekul J, Keawpradub N, Putalun W, Morimoto S, Tanaka H. Development of indirect competitive ELISA for quantification of mitragynine in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Roxb.) Korth. Forensic Sci Int 2014;244:70-7.
Cai B, Ong SP, Liu X. High performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting technology of the commonly-used traditional Chinese medicine herbs. Beijing China: Chemical Industry Press 2012;1-73.
Malaysian Herbal Monograph Committee. Malaysian Herbal Monograph: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. (leaves) 2015; 428-36.
Sengnon N, Vonghirundecha P, Chaichan W, Juengwatanatrakul T, Onthong J, Kitprasong P, et al. Seasonal and geographic variation in alkaloid content of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) from Thailand. Plants 2023;12:949.
Chittrakarn S, Sawangjaroen K, Prasettho S, Janchawee B, Keawpradub N. Inhibitory effects of kratom leaf extract (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) on the rat gastrointestinal tract. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;116:173-8.
Chittrakarn S, Radenahmad N, Kaewsara S, Udomuksorn W, Keawpradub N, Phukpattaranont P. Gastroprotective effects of methanolic extract of kratom leaves on gastric ulcer and reflux esophagitis in rats. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2018;40:258-63.
Haniadka R, Saldanha E, Sunita V, Palatty PL, Fayad R, Baliga MS. A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Funct 2013;4:845-55.
Gupta RA, Motiwala MN, Dumore NG, Danao KR, Ganjare AB. Effect of piperine on inhibition of FFA induced TLR4 mediated inflammation and amelioration of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;164:239-46.
El-Abhar HS, Hammad LNA, Gawad HAS. Modulating effects of ginger extract on rats with ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;118:367-72.
Kim CS, Kawada T, Kim BS, Han IS, Choe SY, Kurata T, et al. Capsaicin exhibits anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting IkB-a degradation in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Cell Signal 2003;15:299-306.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.