Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in High School Girls in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence and causes of anemia in high school girls in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in high school girls aged 15-18 years old. Blood samples were collected for hematological parameters, iron profiles and blood smear examination. The recall 24-hour dietary data were collected using a questionnaire to determine and calculate daily iron intake. For purposes of the study, anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) of <12 g/dL and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was defined as Hb of <12 g/dL with serum ferritin (SF) of <15 µg/L.
Results: The results show that in 19 of a total of 227 subjects (8.3%) anemia was present. Iron deficiency was the main cause of anemia (13 of 19 cases) with a prevalence of 5.7%, while the prevalence of anemia due to other causes was 3.6% (6 of 19 cases). Iron deficiency without anemia was found in 36 cases (15.9%). Participants’ daily iron intake was less than the recommended 15 mg per day.
Conclusion: The present study indicates that iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in adolescent girls in Thailand. Health care programs in the schools should consider dietary behavior in order to reduce the prevalence of IDA in young women.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Milman N. Anemia-still a major health problem in many parts of the world. Ann Hematol 2011;90:369-77.
World Health Organization. The global prevalence of anemia in 2011. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
Ahmed F, Khan MR, Banu CP, Qazi MR, Akhtaruzzaman M. The coexistence of other micronutrient deficiencies in anaemic adolescent school girls in rural Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:365-72.
Maenpuen S, Muktabhant B, Thavornpitak Y. Iron deficiency anemia and energy and nutrients intake of vegetarian ado- lescents in Ratchatani Asoke community, Ubon Ratchathani province. Srinagarind Med J 2009;24:314-20.
Hayeemad S, Pradipasen M, Satheannoppakao W, Kaseamsub R. Dietary pattern and factors associated with anemia among female adolescents in Islam private schools. The 2nd Inter- national Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences; 2010 April 10; Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand; 2010.
Inthavong S, Sanchaisuriya K, Chaitripop C, Phengdy B, Sanchaisuriya P, Fucharoen G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among female children and adolescents in Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. J Med Tech Phy Ther 2014;26: 141-9.
Pasricha SRS, Flecknoe-Brown SC, Allen KJ, Gibson PR, McMahon LP, Olynyk JK, et al. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update. Med J Australia 2010;193:525-32.
Johnson-Wimbley TD, Graham DY. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011;4:177-84.
Winichagoon P. Prevention and control of anemia: Thailand experiences. J Nutr 2002;132(Suppl 4):S862-6.
Jauregui-Lobera I. Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:2087-95.
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr 2009;12: 444-54.
Chaksai J, Soiwo N, Sanchaisuriya P, Sarakarn P, Sanchaisuriya K. Anemia in working age: a retrospective-cohort study. J Med Tech Phy Ther 2012;24:135-42.
Kotepui M, Sarakul O, Uthaisar K, Marasa R, Thepwarin W. Dietary intake of high school girls aged 15-18 years in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand. J Health Res 2016;30:75-81.
Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 2011;60: 1309-16.
Kongsomboon K, Hutspardol S, Wongjitrat N, Chansakulporn S. Anemia of students in Ongkharak district, Nakhon Nayok province according to nutritional status, age groups and gender: cross sectional study. J Med Health Sci 2006;13:225-33.
Panomai N, Sanchaisuriya K, Yamsri S, Sanchaisuriya P, Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, et al. Thalassemia and iron deficiency in a group of northeast Thai school children: relation- ship to the occurrence of anemia. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:1317-22.
Thurlow RA, Winichagoon P, Green T, Wasantwisut E, Pongcharoen T, Bailey KB, et al. Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai school children is associated with iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:380-7.
Yanola J, Kongpan C, Pornprasert S. Prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, thalassemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among hill-tribe school children in Omkoi district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014;45:920-5.
Kulaphisit M, Kampuansai J, Leecharoenkiat K, Wathikthinnakon M, Kangwanpong D, Munkongdee T, et al. A comprehensive ethnic-based analysis of alpha thalassaemia allelle frequency in northern Thailand. Sci Rep 2017;7:4690.
Alam N, Roy SK, Ahmed T, Ahmed AM. Nutritional status, dietary intake, and relevant knowledge of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2010;28:86-94.
Jaramillo A, Briones L, Andrews M, Arredondo M, Olivares M, Brito A, et al. Effect of phytic acid, tannic acid and pectin on fasting iron bioavailability both in the presence and absence of calcium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;30:112-7.
Andrews M, Briones L, Jaramillo A, Pizarro F, Arredondo M. Effect of calcium, tannic acid, phytic acid and pectin over iron uptake in an in vitro Caco-2 cell model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014;158:122-7.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.